May 26, 2026
, the actual (all-forcing) hydrological sensitivity is lower than the known and often discussed sensitivity to GHGs (compare schematic in fig. S4). Overall, the simulated multimodel mean hydrological sensitivity is −0.4 ± 1.7% K−1 in the standard historical experiment that combines all forcings.
Fig. 1 Response to GHG, aerosol, and all forcings.Multimodel mean difference between years 1850–1869 and 1986–2005 from climate model runs with only GHG (red), only aerosol (gray), and all forcings (blue) for global mean near-surface air temperature (top), precipitation (middle), and hydrological sensitivity (bottom). The models are grouped into cold, medium, and warm models based on 20th century warming in the historical (all-forcing) runs according to fig. S2. Boxes indicate medians and quartiles. The ranges indicate averages ± 1 SD.Figure 1 together with fig. S2 shows that the models that simulate a fairly realistic 20th century warming ("medium”) tend to yield particularly small overall hydrological sensitivities, although it must be noted that on average, the medium models slightly underestimate the observed warming, whereas the "warm” models yield several individual runs with only a rather small overestimate of the global mean temperature increase. This suggests that the overall hydrological sensitivity is still much smaller than the hydrological sensitivity to GHGs and also still within the range of internal climate variability given by the spread between individual model runs in fig. S3. It also explains the absence of a strong hydrological sensitivity in observations (4) and suggests that global mean precipitation has not yet increased significantly despite global warming simply because the hydrological sensitivity to aerosol cooling is larger than that to GHG warming. This lack of observed response in global precipitation to GHG warming is consistent with energy budget arguments and the analysis of historical trends in previous studies that have taken into account aerosol effects (14, 16).
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