June 09, 2021
For my climate nerd friends: My comments on the new Santer et al. study which was widely (mis-) reported as dissing our satellite-based
Executive Summary
A new paper by Santer et al.
in Journal of Climate shows that observed trends during 1988-2019 in
sea surface temperature [SST], tropospheric temperature [TLT and TMT],
and total tropospheric water vapor [TWV] are generally inconsistent, by
varying amounts, with climate model trends over the same period. The
study uses ratios between observed trends in these variables to explore
how well the ratios match model expectations, with the presumption that
the models provide "truth†in such comparisons. Special emphasis is
placed on the inconsistency between TWV moistening rates and the
satellite tropospheric temperature warming rates: the total water vapor
has risen faster than one would expect for the weak rate of
satellite-observed tropospheric warming (but both are still less than
the average climate model trends in either CMIP5 or CMIP6).
While the paper itself does not single out the tropospheric temperatures as being in error, widespread reporting of the paper used the same biased headline, for instance this from DailyMail.com: "Satellites may have been underestimating the planet’s warming for decadesâ€. The reporting largely ignored the bulk of what was in the paper, which was much less critical of the satellite temperature trends, and which should have been more newsworthy. For example: (1) SST warming is shown in the paper to be well below climate model expectations from both CMIP5 and CMIP6, which one might expect could have been a major conclusion; (2) the possibility that the satellite-based TWV is rising too rapidly (admitted in the paper, and addressed below), and especially (3) the possibility that TWV is not a good proxy anyway for mid- and upper-tropospheric warming (discussed below).
As others have shown, free-tropospheric vapor (not well captured by TWV) would be the proper proxy for free-tropospheric warming, and the fact that climate models maintain constant relative humidity with altitude during warming is not based upon basic physical processes (as the authors imply), but instead upon arbitrary moistening assumptions implicit in model convective parameterizations. Observational evidence is shown that free-tropospheric humidity does not increase with tropospheric temperature as much as in the GFDL climate model. Thus, weak tropospheric warming measured by satellites could be evidence of weak water vapor feedback in the free troposphere, which in turn could explain the weaker than (model) expected surface warming. A potential reason for a high bias in TWV trends is also addressed, which is consistent with the other variables’ trend behavior.
Posted by: Timothy Birdnow at
10:39 AM
| Comments (81)
| Add Comment
Post contains 437 words, total size 3 kb.
Posted by: Dana Mathewson at June 12, 2021 11:31 AM (9/UYM)
Posted by: Timothy Birdnow at June 13, 2021 08:31 AM (vFfyV)
Posted by: Worm at June 14, 2021 09:00 AM (/wF0l)
Posted by: Worm at June 14, 2021 09:39 AM (/wF0l)
Posted by: Worm at June 14, 2021 09:50 AM (/wF0l)
Posted by: Worm at June 15, 2021 03:06 PM (/wF0l)
Posted by: Worm at June 15, 2021 03:09 PM (/wF0l)
Posted by: Worm at June 15, 2021 03:13 PM (/wF0l)
Posted by: Worm at June 15, 2021 03:16 PM (/wF0l)
Posted by: Worm at June 15, 2021 03:20 PM (/wF0l)
Posted by: Worm at June 15, 2021 03:24 PM (/wF0l)
Posted by: Worm at June 15, 2021 03:27 PM (/wF0l)
Posted by: Worm at June 15, 2021 03:30 PM (/wF0l)
Posted by: Worm at June 15, 2021 03:58 PM (/wF0l)
Posted by: Worm at June 15, 2021 04:12 PM (/wF0l)
Posted by: Pash at July 01, 2021 01:29 AM (Qqqgj)
Posted by: Pash at July 01, 2021 01:38 AM (Qqqgj)
Posted by: Pash at July 01, 2021 01:42 AM (Qqqgj)
Posted by: Pash at July 01, 2021 01:45 AM (Qqqgj)
Posted by: Pash at July 01, 2021 01:47 AM (Qqqgj)
Posted by: Pash at July 01, 2021 01:51 AM (Qqqgj)
Posted by: Pash at July 01, 2021 01:53 AM (Qqqgj)
Posted by: Pash at July 01, 2021 01:57 AM (Qqqgj)
Posted by: Pash at July 01, 2021 02:00 AM (Qqqgj)
Posted by: Pash at July 01, 2021 02:02 AM (Qqqgj)
Swiss Kiss is one of our stronger strains with up to 12% CBD.
If you enjoy an earthy aroma, Swiss Kiss will delight. It has an earthy musk smell, with a hint of citrus. When it comes to taste, your palette will dance with the mix of sweet, earthy and woody flavors. There are no added terpenes.
Swiss Kiss CBD hemp flowers are chemical and pesticide-free. They have deep orange pistils and dark trichomes.
Benefits of Swiss Kiss Kush CBD Flowers
You’ll find Swiss Kiss CBD flowers have a number of health benefits, both physical and mental. With very little, or no THC, Swiss Kiss is non-psychoactive. As such, many people who are living with various mental or physical ailments are trying this strain to find relief of their symptoms.
Because this strain is so relaxing, it can help you rest easier at night – which makes it ideal if you’re suffering from insomnia.
If you’re seeking a relaxing strain that can help you fall asleep at night and overcome insomnia, this strain could be worth trying. You might also find relief with this strain, if you experience pain, nausea, and skin conditions.
With Swiss Kiss CBD flowers, you’ll feel relaxed, happy, focused, and calm.
How To Use Swiss Kiss CBD Flowers
One of the best ways to consume Swiss Kiss CBD flowers is with a dry herb vaporizer. This vaping device heats the flower to a low temperature, providing you with a clean and smooth vapor. It allows you to enjoy the flavor of Swiss Kiss, without smoke.
If you prefer traditional methods, smoking is a popular method with Swiss Kiss, or you might try adding the herbs to your favorite cookie dough or cup of tea.
It is important to note that even though Swiss Kiss hemp flowers look like your typical cannabis plants that contain psychoactive elements these particular strains have been grown to make sure that they are legal across Europe and the UK. Order yours today!
Ingredients: 100% pure cannabis https://darknetweedstore.com/
https://darknetweedstore.com/
Posted by: buy weed uk at July 08, 2021 01:53 PM (QjImP)
Posted by: Hola at August 11, 2021 08:22 AM (bkjdi)
Posted by: Hola at August 11, 2021 08:24 AM (bkjdi)
Posted by: Hola at August 11, 2021 08:27 AM (bkjdi)
Posted by: Hola at August 12, 2021 11:54 AM (bkjdi)
Posted by: Hola at August 12, 2021 11:58 AM (bkjdi)
Posted by: Hola at August 13, 2021 01:40 AM (bkjdi)
Posted by: Hola at August 13, 2021 01:43 AM (bkjdi)
Posted by: Kris at December 13, 2021 06:57 AM (eG8vg)
Posted by: Kris at December 22, 2021 07:45 AM (D8cnq)
Posted by: Hola at December 30, 2021 11:25 PM (KAIsB)
Posted by: Hola at January 01, 2022 02:11 AM (KAIsB)
Posted by: Hola at February 26, 2022 12:45 AM (abeB+)
Posted by: Hola at March 26, 2022 10:12 PM (2np/C)
Posted by: Hola at March 26, 2022 11:24 PM (2np/C)
Posted by: Hola at April 05, 2022 12:31 AM (EkiEP)
Posted by: Soup at April 15, 2022 11:55 PM (I9doh)
Posted by: Soup at April 16, 2022 06:17 AM (I9doh)
Posted by: Soup at April 18, 2022 04:00 AM (d6SM4)
Posted by: Soup at April 26, 2022 05:21 AM (ri3eV)
Posted by: Soup at April 29, 2022 06:47 AM (dDLQE)
Posted by: Soup at April 30, 2022 04:18 AM (dDLQE)
Posted by: Soup at May 01, 2022 06:38 AM (dDLQE)
Posted by: Soup at May 01, 2022 08:34 PM (zlWUA)
Posted by: Soup at May 01, 2022 08:44 PM (zlWUA)
Posted by: Soup at May 06, 2022 06:37 PM (Pw+lK)
Posted by: Soup at May 09, 2022 08:23 AM (Pw+lK)
Posted by: Soup at May 10, 2022 05:10 AM (aSZ3p)
Posted by: Soup at May 20, 2022 07:49 PM (KFzjV)
Posted by: Soup at May 20, 2022 08:02 PM (KFzjV)
Posted by: Soup at May 20, 2022 08:12 PM (KFzjV)
Posted by: Soup at May 20, 2022 08:17 PM (KFzjV)
Posted by: Soup at May 20, 2022 08:21 PM (KFzjV)
Posted by: Wex at August 13, 2022 02:52 AM (W2WQs)
Posted by: Wex at August 13, 2022 03:00 AM (W2WQs)
Posted by: Wex at August 13, 2022 03:03 AM (W2WQs)
Posted by: Wex at August 13, 2022 03:06 AM (W2WQs)
Posted by: Wex at August 15, 2022 08:01 AM (W2WQs)
Posted by: Wex at August 26, 2022 03:28 AM (5j/49)
Posted by: Wex at September 02, 2022 12:33 AM (gtZ4H)
Posted by: Wex at September 07, 2022 02:59 AM (r+iUU)
Posted by: Wex at September 08, 2022 01:14 AM (r+iUU)
Posted by: Wex at September 15, 2022 07:53 PM (RVvXT)
Posted by: Wex at September 15, 2022 08:05 PM (RVvXT)
Posted by: Wex at September 15, 2022 08:07 PM (RVvXT)
Posted by: Wex at September 18, 2022 06:11 PM (RVvXT)
Posted by: Wex at September 18, 2022 06:14 PM (RVvXT)
Posted by: Wex at September 18, 2022 06:18 PM (RVvXT)
Posted by: Wex at September 19, 2022 08:45 PM (RVvXT)
Posted by: Wex at September 19, 2022 09:01 PM (RVvXT)
Posted by: Wex at September 19, 2022 09:03 PM (RVvXT)
Posted by: Wex at September 19, 2022 09:06 PM (RVvXT)
Posted by: Hola at November 18, 2022 06:01 AM (cFe87)
Posted by: Hola at November 18, 2022 06:15 AM (cFe87)
Posted by: Hola at November 18, 2022 06:24 AM (cFe87)
Posted by: Hola at November 22, 2022 01:21 AM (ArFHy)
37 queries taking 0.5095 seconds, 247 records returned.
Powered by Minx 1.1.6c-pink.